Magnetic Flux Leakage Electromechanical impedance Force sensor Magnetic field Relaxation method Time-resolved PIV 3D FDTD Sub-differential SIMP method Piezoelectric transformer Torque Motor 3EP Interval arithmetic Adjoint Method Hysterons Morphing Paschen Design Shape memory alloys 3D finite difference method Additive manufacturing Smart materials Rosen type transformer Permanent Magnet Steel sheet Ironless Boundary integral equations Analytical model Actuators Post-buckled beams Décharges partielles Axial flux machines Piezoelectric actuators Inverse problem 3-D Analytical Equivalent Magnetic Circuit Optimization Play model Electromagnetism Energy harvesting Minor loops PROBLEM OF SOMMERFELD Optimal design Piezoelectric energy harvester Shape-memory Alloys Global optimization Electric motor Lorentz force law Inverse Problem Electromechanical actuator Conception PDE-constrained optimization HYBRIDIZATION Piézoélectricité GROUND WAVE PROPAGATION Modèles analytiques Synchronous Reluctance Thermic process Modeling Numerical model Modélisation Hysteresis Branch&Bound Iron losses Analytical modeling Actionneurs Nonlinear modeling Topology Optimization Torque Branch and Bound Algorithm Optimisation Control Topology optimization Shear layer Accouplement magnétique Numerical simulation 3D Analytical Equivalent Magnetic Circuit 1D multi-physics model Modèles numériques FDTD Finite elements Aerodynamics Shooting method Turbulence Exact global optimization Electric Motors Sensitivity Analysis Optimal control Magnetic scalar potential Deterministic global optimization Partial discharges Optimization algorithms Electrical machines Heat transfer enhancement Magnetic coupling Maxwell equations PIV 3D FDTD HYBRIDIZATION Piezoelectricity Moteur électrique Eddy currents