Mechano-chemical interactions in sedimentary rocks in the context of CO2 storage: Weak acid, weak effects?
Résumé
Due to the corrosive nature of dissolved CO2, the potential short or long term alteration of rock properties, represents a major issue in several sites where natural CO2 circulation is observed, as well as in reservoirs targeted for storage of anthropogenic CO2. To date, this has been primarily studied from a transport-chemical perspective, with laboratory evidence of microstructural modifications together with the consequences for flow properties. Compared to the transport-chemical aspects, the mechanical-chemical aspects have been less investigated, though it is to be expected that mechanical properties (e.g. elastic properties, failure parameters, and time-dependent mechanical behaviour) could potentially be affected in a similar manner to hydraulic parameters. Yet, since CO2 is a weak acid, the pH drop is expected to be moderate with a likely lower limit close to 4.0. The buffering of pH by calcite minerals present in most reservoirs targeted for storage may further limit the pH drop, as well as confining it to a localized rock volume around the injection well. This leads to the question of the magnitude and time/spatial scales of chemically-mediated mechanical processes during CO2 sequestration. The authors propose to address this issue by reviewing recent laboratory-based studies restricted to sedimentary rocks, namely: reservoir rocks (carbonate or sandstone), intact or fractured caprocks and fault rocks. Key findings include the following: 1. the short-term impact on the elastic and inelastic behaviour of intact caprocks remains limited; 2. shear strength weakening is likely to be respectively low and low-to-moderate for shale/clay-rich and anhydrite-rich faults, but without modifying slip stability in either case; 3. the largest impact is located within carbonate reservoirs, but with a broad range of reported responses depending on hydrodynamic conditions (closed or open) and on dissolution regime (uniform or channelling); and 4. creep experiments confirm that CO2-induced dissolution may enhance long-term compaction of carbonate reservoirs, but the magnitude of acceleration (varying from non-significant to 50 times) depends to a large extent on site-specific conditions (grain size, pH, temperature, effective stress state, etc.), which renders any direct extrapolation from laboratory to reservoir scale difficult. Finally, some directions for future research studies are discusse