P. Agard, P. Yamato, L. Jolivet, and E. Burov, Exhumation of oceanic blueschists and eclogites in subduction zones: Timing and mechanisms, Earth-Science Reviews, vol.92, issue.1-2, pp.53-79, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.earscirev.2008.11.002

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00379806

N. T. Arndt, A. J. Naldrett, and D. R. Hunter, Ore deposits associated with mafic magmas in the Kaapvaal craton, Mineral. Deposita, pp.323-334, 1997.

P. Appel, A. Möller, and V. Schenk, High-pressure granulite facies metamorphism in the Pan-African belt of eastern Tanzania: P-T-t evidence against granulite formation by continent collision, Journal of Metamorphic Geology, vol.16, issue.4, pp.491-509, 1998.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1525-1314.1998.00150.x

H. Bouhallier, D. Chardon, and P. Choukroune, Strain patterns in Archaean dome-and-basin structures: The Dharwar craton (Karnataka, South India), Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.135, issue.1-4, pp.57-75
DOI : 10.1016/0012-821X(95)00144-2

F. R. Boyd, J. J. Gurney, and S. H. Richardson, Evidence for a 150???200-km thick Archaean lithosphere from diamond inclusion thermobarometry, Nature, vol.276, issue.6018, pp.387-389, 1985.
DOI : 10.1038/315387a0

M. Brown, From microscope to mountain belt: 150 years of petrology and its contribution to understanding geodynamics, particularly the tectonics of orogens, Journal of Geodynamics, vol.32, issue.1-2, pp.115-164, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0264-3707(01)00018-7

M. Brown, Hot orogens, tectonic swithching, and creation of continental crust: comment, Geology, pp.31-40, 2003.

E. B. Burov and P. Molnar, Gravity anomalies over the Ferghana Valley (central Asia) and intracontinental deformation, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.92, issue.6, pp.18137-18152, 1998.
DOI : 10.1029/98JB01079

E. Burov, C. Jaupart, and L. Guillou-frottier, Ascent and emplacement of buoyant magma bodies in brittle-ductile upper crust, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.99, issue.B2, pp.10-1029, 2003.
DOI : 10.1029/2001JB000301

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00023743

E. Burov and L. Guillou-frottier, The plume head-continental lithosphere interaction using a tectonically realistic formulation for the lithosphere, Geophysical Journal International, vol.161, issue.2, pp.469-490, 2005.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02588.x

E. Burov, L. Guillou-frottier, E. Acremont, L. Pourhiet, L. Cloetingh et al., Plume head???lithosphere interactions near intra-continental plate boundaries, Tectonophysics, vol.434, issue.1-4, pp.15-38, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tecto.2007.01.002

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00143608

E. Burov and S. Cloetingh, Controls of mantle plumes and lithospheric folding on modes of intraplate continental tectonics: differences and similarities, Geophysical Journal International, vol.178, issue.3, pp.1691-1722, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04238.x

V. E. Camp and B. B. Hanan, A plume-triggered delamination origin for the Columbia River Basalt Group, Geosphere, vol.4, issue.3, pp.480-495, 2008.
DOI : 10.1130/GES00175.1

A. Lenardic, L. Moresi, and H. Mühlhaus, Longevity and stability of cratonic lithosphere: Insights from numerical simulations of coupled mantle convection and continental tectonics, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.94, issue.2, pp.10-1029, 2003.
DOI : 10.1029/2002JB001859

A. Lenardic, L. Moresi, A. M. Jellinek, and M. Manga, Continental insulation, mantle cooling, and the surface area of oceans and continents, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.234, issue.3-4, pp.317-333, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.01.038

E. Malisa and S. Muhongo, Tectonic setting of gemstone mineralization in the Proterozoic metamorphic terrane of the Mozambique Belt in Tanzania, Precambrian Research, vol.46, issue.1-2, pp.167-176, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0301-9268(90)90071-W

A. Mercier, P. Debat, and J. M. Saul, Exotic origin of the ruby deposits of the Mangari area in SE Kenya, Ore Geology Reviews, vol.14, issue.2, pp.83-104, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-1368(99)00002-5

A. Mercier, M. Rakotondrazafy, and B. Ravolomiandrinarivo, Ruby Mineralization in Southwest Madagascar, Gondwana Research, vol.2, issue.3, pp.433-438, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S1342-937X(05)70281-1

J. Milesi, J. Feybesse, P. Pinna, Y. Deschamps, A. B. Kampuzu et al., Géologie et principaux gisements d'Afrique, pp.20-22, 2004.

J. Milesi, S. F. Toteu, and Y. Deschamps, An overview of the geology and major ore deposits of Central Africa: Explanatory note for the 1:4,000,000 map ???Geology and major ore deposits of Central Africa???, Journal of African Earth Sciences, vol.44, issue.4-5, pp.571-595, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.10.016

A. Möller, P. Appel, K. Mezger, and V. Schenk, Evidence for a 2 Ga subduction zone: Eclogites in the Usagaran belt of Tanzania, Geology, vol.23, issue.12, pp.1067-1070, 1995.
DOI : 10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<1067:EFAGSZ>2.3.CO;2

A. Möller, K. Mezger, and V. Schenk, U???Pb dating of metamorphic minerals: Pan-African metamorphism and prolonged slow cooling of high pressure granulites in Tanzania, East Africa, Precambrian Research, vol.104, issue.3-4, pp.123-146, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00086-3

J. Montagner, B. Marty, E. Stutzmann, D. Sicilia, M. Cara et al., Mantle upwellings and convective instabilities revealed by seismic tomography and helium isotope geochemistry beneath east Africa, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.34, p.2130310, 1029.
DOI : 10.1029/2007gl031098

URL : https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01284913/document

R. Montelli, G. Nolet, F. A. Dahlen, G. Masters, E. R. Engdahl et al., Finite-Frequency Tomography Reveals a Variety of Plumes in the Mantle, Science, vol.303, issue.5656, pp.338-343, 2004.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1092485

S. H. Richardson, S. B. Shirey, and J. W. Harris, Episodic diamond genesis at Jwaneng, Botswana, and implications for Kaapvaal craton evolution, Lithos, vol.77, issue.1-4, pp.143-154, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.lithos.2004.04.027

J. Ritsema, A. A. Nyblade, T. J. Owens, C. A. Langston, and J. C. Vandecar, Upper mantle seismic velocity structure beneath Tanzania, east Africa: Implications for the stability of cratonic lithosphere, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.101, issue.441, pp.21201-21213, 1998.
DOI : 10.1029/98JB01274

J. R. Ritter, M. Jordan, U. R. Christensen, and U. Achauer, A mantle plume below the Eifel volcanic fields, Germany, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.186, issue.1, pp.7-14, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00226-6

B. Romanowicz and Y. Gung, Superplumes from the Core-Mantle Boundary to the Lithosphere: Implications for Heat Flux, Science, vol.296, issue.5567, pp.513-516, 2002.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1069404

C. Ruppel and K. V. Hodges, Pressure-temperature-time paths from two-dimensional thermal models: Prograde, retrograde, and inverted metamorphism, Tectonics, vol.2, issue.4, pp.17-44, 1994.
DOI : 10.1029/93TC01824

J. Saleeby, M. Ducea, and D. Clemens-knott, Production and loss of high-density batholithic root, pp.10-1029, 2003.

M. Sandiford, F. B. Neall, and R. Powell, Metamorphic evolution of aluminous granulites from Labwor Hills, Uganda, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, vol.46, issue.2, pp.217-225, 1987.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00381271

M. Santosh and A. S. Collins, Gemstone Mineralization in the Palghat-Cauvery Shear Zone System (Karur-Kangayam Belt), Southern India, Gondwana Research, vol.6, issue.4, pp.911-918, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1342-937X(05)71035-2

V. Schenk, N. Cornelius, and I. Schnieders, Ubendian ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism of metapelitic migmatites in the Songea-Mbamba bay area, southern Tanzania, Colloquium of African Geology, pp.2-7, 2004.

M. D. Schmitz and S. A. Bowring, Ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism in the lower crust during Neoarchean Ventersdorp rifting and magmatism, Kaapvaal Craton, southern Africa, Geological Society of America Bulletin, vol.115
DOI : 10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115<0533:UMITLC>2.0.CO;2

G. Schubert, D. L. Turcotte, and P. Olson, Mantle convection in the Earth and planets, 2001.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511612879

A. M. ?engör, S. Ozeren, T. Genç, and E. Zor, East Anatolian high plateau as a mantle-supported, north-south shortened domal structure, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.30, issue.24, p.24, 2003.
DOI : 10.1029/2003GL018192

R. K. Shaw and M. Arima, A corundum-quartz assemblage from the Eastern Ghats Granulite Belt, India: evidence for high P-T metamorphism?, Journal of Metamorphic Geology, vol.16, issue.2, pp.189-196, 1998.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1525-1314.1998.00073.x

P. G. Silver, M. D. Behn, K. Kelley, M. Schmitz, and B. Savage, Understanding cratonic flood basalts, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.245, issue.1-2, pp.190-201, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.01.050

C. Simonet, Geologie des gisements de saphir et de rubis. L'exemple de la John Saul Ruby mine, p.344, 2000.

C. Simonet, J. L. Paquette, C. Pin, B. Lasnier, and E. Fritsch, The Dusi (Garba Tula) sapphire deposit, Central Kenya??????a unique Pan-African corundum-bearing monzonite, Journal of African Earth Sciences, vol.38, issue.4, pp.401-410, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2004.02.002

N. H. Sleep, C. J. Ebinger, and J. Kendall, Deflection of mantle plume material by cratonic keels, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, vol.199, issue.1, pp.135-150, 2002.
DOI : 10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.199.01.08

R. H. Smithies, D. C. Champion, and K. F. Cassidy, Formation of Earth???s early Archaean continental crust, Precambrian Research, vol.127, issue.1-3, pp.89-101, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0301-9268(03)00182-7

H. Sommer, C. Hauzenberger, A. Kröner, and S. Muhongo, Isothermal decompression history in the ???Western Granulite??? terrain, central Tanzania: Evidence from reaction textures and trapped fluids in metapelites, Journal of African Earth Sciences, vol.51, issue.3, pp.123-144, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2008.01.003

F. L. Sutherland, P. O. Hoskin, C. M. Fanning, and R. R. Coenraads, Models of corundum origin from alkali basaltic terrains: a reappraisal, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, vol.133, issue.4, pp.356-372, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/s004100050458

F. L. Sutherland and C. M. Fanning, Gem???bearing basaltic volcanism, Barrington, New South Wales: Cenozoic evolution, based on basalt K???Ar ages and zircon fission track and U???Pb isotope dating, Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, vol.171, issue.2, pp.221-237, 2001.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1440-0952.2001.00851.x

J. B. Teixeira, A. Misi, and M. Da-gloria-da-silva, Supercontinent evolution and the Proterozoic metallogeny of South America, Gondwana Research, vol.11, issue.3, pp.346-361, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gr.2006.05.009

V. P. Trubitsyn, W. D. Mooney, and D. H. Abbott, Cold Cratonic Roots and Thermal Blankets: How Continents Affect Mantle Convection, International Geology Review, vol.105, issue.6, pp.479-496, 2003.
DOI : 10.1126/science.267.5199.838

P. Van-thienen, A. P. Van-den-berg, J. H. De-smet, J. Van-hunen, and M. R. Drury, Interaction between small-scale mantle diapirs and a continental root, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, vol.99, issue.14, pp.10-1019, 2003.
DOI : 10.1029/2002GC000338

K. T. Walker, A. A. Nyblade, S. L. Klemperer, G. H. Bokelmann, and T. J. Owens, On the relationship between extension and anisotropy: Constraints from shear wave splitting across the East African Plateau, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.375, issue.B9, pp.830210-1029, 2004.
DOI : 10.1029/2002JB002273

H. Wallner and H. Schmeling, Rift induced delamination of mantle lithosphere and crustal uplift: a new mechanism for explaining Rwenzori Mountains??? extreme elevation?, International Journal of Earth Sciences, vol.94, issue.10, pp.1511-1524, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/s00531-010-0521-6

R. G. Warren and D. J. Ellis, Mantle underplating, granite tectonics, and metamorphic P-T-t paths, Geology, vol.24, issue.7, pp.663-666, 1996.
DOI : 10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0663:MUGTAM>2.3.CO;2

D. S. Weeraratne, D. W. Forsyth, K. M. Fisher, and A. A. Nyblade, Evidence for an upper mantle plume beneath the Tanzanian craton from Rayleigh wave tomography, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.98, issue.6, pp.242710-1029, 2003.
DOI : 10.1029/2001GL013702

T. Yui, K. Zaw, and P. Limtrakun, Oxygen isotope composition of the Denchai sapphire, Thailand: a clue to its enigmatic origin, Lithos, vol.67, issue.1-2, pp.153-161, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0024-4937(02)00268-2

M. Zhang, S. Y. O-'reilly, K. Wang, J. Hronsky, and W. L. Griffin, Flood basalts and metallogeny: The lithospheric mantle connection, Earth-Science Reviews, vol.86, issue.1-4, pp.145-174, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.earscirev.2007.08.007

D. Zhao, Global tomographic images of mantle plumes and subducting slabs: insight into deep Earth dynamics, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, vol.146, issue.1-2, pp.3-34, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pepi.2003.07.032